Grammar Index

Introduction to Word Classes	0.6
Introduction to Word Order	0.6
Word Order of Time and Location	22.5
Subject Omission I	9.8
Subject Omission II	16.9
Subject Movement	22.6
Verb Phrases in the Subject or Object Position	3.7
Clauses in the Subject Position	46.4
Topics I	28.6
Topics II	29.3
Topics III	43.3
Predicates without Verbs	12.4
Imperative Sentences	38.5

Personal Pronouns	1.1
Personal Names	1.8
Titles	24.10
The Pronoun 自己 zi6 gei2 ('oneself')	11.4
The Pronoun 其他 kei4 taa1 ('other')	23.9
The Pronoun 全部 cyun4 bou6 ('all')	53.8
The Pronoun 所有 so2 jau5 ('all')	54.3
The Pronoun 噉 / 咁 gam2 ('seem')	27.3
The Noun 嘢 je5 ('thing') I	18.6
The Noun 嘢 je5 ('thing') II	21.4
The Noun 嘢 je5 ('thing') III	37.7
Bare Noun Phrases I	6.1
Bare Noun Phrases II	36.6
Indefinite Noun Phrases I	6.2
Indefinite Noun Phrases II	21.1
Indefinite Noun Phrases III	27.1
Using Indefinite Noun Phrases with 同 tung4 ('and') and 同埋 tung4 maai4 ('and')	41.8
Definite Noun Phrases	31.2
Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases I	31.3
Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases II	32.6
Possessive Constructions I	2.4
Possessive Constructions II	11.3
Possessive Pronouns	31.1
Demonstrative Constructions	2.5
Demonstrative Expressions for Locations I	26.2
Demonstrative Expressions for Locations II	37.1
Location Expressions I	26.3
Location Expressions II	37.2
Location Expressions III	38.1
Referring to Something at a Specific Location	26.4
Referring to Members in a Group ('one of them, two of them, etc.')	14.3
Referring to Items in Sequential Order	53.5
Referring to Items by Attributes	53.6
Referring to Other Items	53.7
Modifying Nouns with Nouns	52.4
Indicating Attributes of Items	52.5

Indicating Quantity	2.2
Numbers I (0-10, Ordinal Numbers)	0.4
Numbers II (11-99)	12.1
Numbers III (Larger Numbers)	34.1
Numbers IV	43.1
二 ji6 (‘two’) and 兩 loeng5 (‘two’)	2.3
Decimal Numbers	42.1
Approximate Numbers I	13.3
Approximate Numbers II	47.2
Time	22.1
Parts of the Day	17.3
Dates	12.2
Days of the Week	16.2
Time Expressions I (Week)	16.1
Time Expressions II (Month)	17.1
Time Expressions III (Day)	17.2
Order of Time Expressions	17.4
Omission in Time Expressions	17.10
Duration I (Year, Month and Day)	13.2
Duration II (Hour, Minute and Second)	47.1
Prices I	34.2
Prices II	42.3
Discounts	54.1
Age	12.3
Children’s Age	14.1
Weight	42.2
Clothing Sizes	52.1
Floors in a Building	38.2
Number of Floors	38.3
多 do1 (‘many, much; more’) and 少 siu2 (‘few, little; fewer, less’)	32.1

Introduction to Classifiers	2.1
Classifiers for Food and Drinks I (Food Containers)	27.2
Classifiers for Food and Drinks II (Drink Containers)	28.1
Classifiers for Food and Drinks III (Food and Drinks at the Table)	33.1
Classifiers for Food and Drinks IV (Groceries)	41.6
Classifiers for Clothes and Accessories	51.1
The Classifiers 種 zung2 (‘type’) and 隻 zek3 (‘type’)	44.1

Verb Conjugation	1.3
Types of Verbs	4.1
Separable Verbs	6.4
Verb-Object Compounds	6.5
Preference Verbs	4.3
Verbs for Movement I	8.6
Verbs for Movement II	16.6
Verbs for Movement III	19.2
Directional Verbs	36.2
Omission in Verb Phrases	19.1
In Jyutping alphabetical order:
The Verb 俾 / 畀 / 比 bei2 (‘to give’)	32.2
The Verb 幫 bong1 (‘to help’)	28.3
The Verb 放 fong3 (‘to put’)	51.5
The Verb 覺得 gok3 dak1 (‘to think’)	33.7
The Verb 喺 hai2 / 响 hoeng2 (‘to be in, on, at’)	36.1
The Verb 係 hai6 I (‘to be’)	1.2
The Verb 係 hai6 II (‘to be’)	8.1
Emphasizing Something with 係 hai6 (‘to be’)	31.6
The Verbs 有 jau5 (‘to have’) and 冇 mou5 (‘to not have’)	11.5
The Verbs 有 jau5 and 冇 mou5 (Existence) I	21.3
The Verbs 有 jau5 and 冇 mou5 (Existence) II	23.1
The Verb 要 jiu3 (‘to want’)	28.2
The Verb 唔好 m4 hou2 (‘don’t’)	27.8
The Expression 諗住 nam2 zyu6 (‘to plan to, to intend to’)	41.1
The Verb 收 sau1 (‘to receive; to accept’)	34.5
The Verb 識 sik1 (‘to know’)	9.1
The Verb 找 zaau2 (‘to give change’)	34.6
The Verbs 知 zi1 and 知道 zi1 dou3 (‘to know’)	46.2
The Verb 即係 zik1 hai6 (‘to be equal to, to mean’)	37.5
The Verbs 着 / 著 zoek3 (‘to wear’) and 戴 daai3 (‘to wear’)	53.9
The Verb 住 zyu6 (‘to live’)	11.1

In Jyutping alphabetical order:
The Modal Verb 可以 ho2 ji5 (‘can’)	32.3
The Modal Verb 應該 jing1 goi1 (‘should’)	37.4
The Modal Verb 要 jiu3 (‘to need to’) I	23.4
The Modal Verb 要 jiu3 (‘to need to’) II	31.4
The Modal Verb 識 sik1 (‘to know how to’)	4.6
The Modal Verb 想 soeng2 (‘to want to’)	18.1
The Modal Verb 會 wui5 (‘will’) I (Future)	23.3
The Modal Verb 會 wui5 (‘will’) II (Future)	36.4
The Modal Verb 會 wui5 (‘will’) III (Habit)	41.4
The Modal Verb 會 wui5 (‘will’) IV (Polite Invitation)	54.2

Introduction to Aspect Particles	6.3
In Jyutping alphabetical order:
The Aspect Particle 緊 gan2 (Progressive)	6.6
The Aspect Particle 過 gwo3 (Experiential)	9.4
The Aspect Particle 下 / 吓 haa5 (Delimitative)	21.5
The Aspect Particle 開 hoi1 (Habitual)	52.2
The Aspect Particle 咗 zo2 (Perfective)	13.4
The Aspect Particle 咗 zo2 with Predicative Adjectives I	51.2
The Aspect Particle 咗 zo2 with Predicative Adjectives II	52.3
The Aspect Particle 住 zyu6 (‘for now’)	28.5
The X-one-X Construction (Delimitative)	24.3
Comparison Between 咗 zo2 (Perfective) and 過 gwo3 (Experiential)	13.5

Introduction to Verbal Particles	23.5
In Jyutping alphabetical order:
The Verbal Particle 得 dak1 (Possibility)	29.2
The Verbal Particle 定 ding6 (‘in advance’)	51.3
The Verbal Particle 到 / 倒 dou2 (‘to be able to’)	39.2
The Verbal Particle 到 dou3 (Arrival)	38.7
The Verbal Particle 返 / 番 / 翻 faan1 I (‘left’)	32.5
The Verbal Particle 返 / 番 / 翻 faan1 II (‘back’)	34.4
The Verbal Particle 返 / 番 / 翻 faan1 III (‘back’)	39.4
The Verbal Particle 返 / 番 / 翻 faan1 IV	48.3
The Verbal Particle 過 gwo3 (‘over again’)	51.4
The Verbal Particle 好 hou2 (‘finished’)	29.1
The Verbal Particle 完 jyun4 (‘finished’)	44.3
The Verbal Particle 埋 maai4 I (‘as well’)	23.6
The Verbal Particle 埋 maai4 II (‘up’)	32.4
The Verbal Particle 晒 saai3 (‘all’)	28.7
Comparison Between 到 / 倒 dou2 and 咗 zo2	39.3

Serial Verb Constructions I (Purpose)	8.5
Serial Verb Constructions II (Details)	16.4
Serial Verb Constructions III (Object)	18.2
Serial Verb Constructions IV (Subject)	23.2
Serial Verb Constructions V (Method)	38.9
Serial Verb Constructions VI (Successive Actions)	39.8
Indicating Destinations for Verbs Involving Movement of Things or People	36.3
Using 嚟 lai4 / lei4 (‘to come’) to Indicate Purposes	41.7

Introduction to Adjectives	16.7
Predicative Adjectives	16.8
Predicative Adjectives without Adverbs	17.6
Attributive Adjectives I	21.2
Attributive Adjectives II	42.7
Forming Comparative Adjectives with the Suffix 啲 di1 (‘more’)	27.4
Forming Comparative Adjectives with the Suffix 過 gwo3 (‘more … than’)	53.1
Forming Superlative Adjectives with 最 zeoi3 (‘most’)	53.2
The Adjective 得 dak1 (‘okay’)	17.7

Using Adverbs to Modify Verbs	3.1
Forming Comparative Adverbs with the Suffix 啲 di1 (‘more’)	22.3
Describing Actions with 得 dak1	53.4
Degree Words	4.3
Time Adverbs	9.3
Sequence Words	38.6
Adverbs of Frequency	41.3
Indicating Preferences with 想 soeng2 (‘to want to’) and 多啲 do1 di1 (‘more’)	19.3
Using 多啲 do1 di1 (‘more’) and 多過 do1 gwo3 (‘more than’) with Stative Verbs	53.3
In Jyutping alphabetical order:
The Adverb 不如 bat1 jyu4 (‘why not’)	16.3
The Suffix 得滯 dak1 zai6 (‘too’)	33.3
The Adverb 都 dou1 I (‘too, also’)	3.2
The Adverb 都 dou1 II (‘all’)	14.2
The Expression 噉 / 咁 gam2 (‘then’)	6.8
The Adverb 夠 gau3 (‘enough’)	33.4
The Adverb 好似 hou2 ci5 (‘seem’)	27.3
The Adverb 有少少 jau5 siu2 siu2 (‘a little bit’)	33.5
The Adverb 唔 m4 (‘not’)	4.2
The Adverb 未 mei6 I (‘not yet; yet’)	13.8
The Adverb 未 mei6 II (‘not yet; yet’)	34.7
The Adverb 先 sin1 (‘first; for now’)	28.5
The Adverb 太 taai3 (‘too; so’)	33.2
The Adverb 就 zau6 I (Determination)	17.11
The Adverb 就 zau6 II (‘exactly’)	39.5
The Adverb 最 zeoi3 (‘most’)	41.5
The Adverb 再 zoi3 I (‘further’)	39.6
The Adverb 再 zoi3 II (‘and then’)	46.1
The Adverb 仲 / 重 zung6 I (‘in addition’)	4.7
The Adverb 仲 / 重 zung6 II (‘still’)	6.9

Introduction to Prepositions	7.1
In Jyutping alphabetical order:
The Preposition 幫 bong1 (‘for’)	24.1
The Preposition 除咗 ceoi4 zo2 (‘apart from’)	47.5
The Preposition 喺 hai2 / 响 hoeng2 I (‘in, on, at’)	7.2
The Preposition 喺 hai2 / 响 hoeng2 II (‘from’)	8.4
The Preposition 向 hoeng3 (‘toward’)	37.3
The Preposition 由 jau4 (‘from’)	47.4
The Preposition 沿 jyun4 (‘along’)	39.1
The Preposition 同 tung4 I (‘with’)	11.2
The Preposition 同 tung4 II (‘for’)	31.5

Introduction to Relative Clauses

48.2

Introduction to Sentence Particles	1.4
In Jyutping alphabetical order:
The Sentence Particle 吖 aa1 I (Suggestion)	16.3
The Sentence Particle 吖 aa1 II (Request)	24.2
The Sentence Particle 呀 aa3 I (Question)	1.5
The Sentence Particle 呀 aa3 II (Emphasis)	3.6
The Sentence Particle 呀 aa3 III (Softening the Tone)	4.5
The Sentence Particle 呀吓 aa3 haa2 (Reminder)	28.4
The Sentence Particle 呀 aa4 (Confirmation)	8.3
The Sentence Particle 嘅 ge3 (Assertion)	2.7
The Sentence Particle 喇喂 la3 wei3 (Urging Someone)	42.4
The Sentence Particle 啦 laa1 I (Listing)	3.4
The Sentence Particle 啦 laa1 II (Decision)	17.11
The Sentence Particle 啦 laa1 III (Suggestion)	27.7
The Sentence Particle 啦 laa1 IV (Persuasion)	42.5
The Sentence Particle 喇 laa3 I (Change of State)	13.6
The Sentence Particle 喇 laa3 II (Decision)	16.5
The Sentence Particle 嘞 laak3 (Offer)	42.6
The Sentence Particle 嚟 lai4 / lei4 (Assertion)	2.6
The Sentence Particle 囉 lo1 (Dissatisfaction)	33.6
The Sentence Particle 呢 ne1 (‘how about’)	1.7
The Sentence Particle 話 waa2 (Repetition)	44.4
The Sentence Particle 喎 wo3 (Realization)	27.5
The Sentence Particle 咋 zaa3 I (‘only’)	9.2
The Sentence Particle 咋 zaa3 II	27.6
Comparison Between 嚟 lai4 / lei4 and 嘅 ge3	2.8

Yes-No Questions with the X-not-X Construction I (Stative Verbs)	4.4
Yes-No Questions with the X-not-X Construction II (Action Verbs)	18.3
Yes-No Questions with the X-not-X Constructions III (Action Verbs)	23.7
Yes-No Questions with 有冇 jau5 mou5 I	13.1
Yes-No Questions with 有冇 jau5 mou5 II (with 過 gwo3)	21.7
Yes-No Questions with 有冇 jau5 mou5 III	26.1
Yes-No Questions with Predicative Adjectives	17.5
Placement of Question Words in Wh-Questions	7.5
Confirming Information with 係唔係 hai6 m4 hai6	21.6
Asking for Suggestions or Preferences with 好 hou2 (‘good’)	18.4
Asking for Opinions on Suggestions with 好唔好 hou2 m4 hou2 (‘Is … good?’)	18.5
Asking for Opinions on Suggestions with O唔OK ou1 m4 ou1 kei1 (‘Is … okay?’)	22.4
In Jyutping alphabetical order:
The Question Word 邊 bin1 (‘which’)	7.4
Asking About Time with 邊 bin1	24.11
The Question Word 邊度 bin1 dou6 (‘where’)	7.3
The Question Word 邊個 bin1 go3 (‘who’)	2.9
The Question Word 點 dim2 / 點樣 dim2 joeng2 (‘how’) I (Opinion)	33.8
The Question Word 點 dim2 / 點樣 dim2 joeng2 (‘how’) II (Way)	38.4
The Question Word 點解 dim2 gaai2 (‘why’)	9.5
The Expression 多唔多 do1 m4 do1 (‘Does … have many / much … ?’)	44.2
The Question Expression 幾大 gei2 daai6 (‘how old’)	12.7
The Question Word 幾多 gei2 do1 (‘how many, how much’) I (Countable Nouns)	11.6
The Question Word 幾多 gei2 do1 (‘how many, how much’) II (Container Classifiers)	28.8
The Question Word 幾多 gei2 do1 (‘how many, how much’) III (Measurement Unit Classifiers)	42.8
The Question Word 幾多 gei2 do1 (‘how many, how much’) IV (Uncountable Nouns)	43.4
Asking About Time with 幾多 gei2 do1	23.8
The Question Word 幾多錢 gei2 do1 cin2 / 幾錢 gei2 cin2 (‘how much’ for money)	34.3
The Question Word 幾多點 gei2 do1 dim2 / 幾點 gei2 dim2 (‘what time’)	22.2
The Question Expression 幾多號 gei2 do1 hou6 / 幾號 gei2 hou6 (‘what number’)	24.12
The Question Expression 幾多歲 gei2 do1 seoi3 / 幾歲 gei2 seoi3 (‘how old’)	12.6
The Question Word 幾時 gei2 si4 (‘when’)	12.5
The Question Word 幾耐 gei2 noi6 (‘how long’) I	13.7
The Question Word 幾耐 gei2 noi6 (‘how long’) II	47.3
The Question Words 乜嘢 mat1 je5 and 咩 me1 (‘what’) I	3.5
The Question Words 乜嘢 mat1 je5 and 咩 me1 (‘what’) II	41.2

Introduction to Conjunctions for Connecting Clauses	9.6
In Jyutping alphabetical order:
The Conjunction 不過 bat1 gwo3 (‘but’)	21.8
The Conjunction 但係 daan6 hai6 (‘but’)	47.6
The Conjunction 定 ding6 / 定係 ding6 hai6 (‘or’)	6.7
Suggesting New Options with 定 ding6 / 定係 ding6 hai6 (‘or’)	19.4
The Conjunction 嗰陣時 go2 zan6 si4 (‘when’)	36.5
The Conjunctions 因為 jan1 wai6 (‘because’) and 所以 so2 ji5 (‘so’)	9.7
The Conjunction 一係 jat1 hai6 (‘either … or …’)	44.5
The Conjunctions 如果 jyu4 gwo2 (‘if’) and 嘅話 ge3 waa2 (‘if’)	43.2
The Conjunctions 同 tung4 (‘and’) and 同埋 tung4 maai4 (‘and’)	3.3
The Conjunction 或者 waak6 ze2 (‘or’)	17.8
The Conjunction 就 zau6 I (Contrast)	14.4
The Conjunction 就 zau6 II (‘then’)	38.8
The Conjunctions 之前 zi1 cin4 (‘before’) and 之後 zi1 hau6 (‘after’)	39.7
The Conjunction 即係 zik1 hai6 (‘that means’)	37.6
Comparison Between 定 ding6 / 定係 ding6 hai6 (‘or’) and 或者 waak6 ze2 (‘or’)	17.9

Cantonese Pronunciation	0.5
Pronunciation Variations	0.5
Applying Rising Intonation to Questions	1.6
Applying Rising Intonation to Confirm Something	8.2

Making and Respond to Offers

46.3

Code-Mixing	0.6
Introduction to Polite Language	24.4
The Expression 唔該 m4 goi1 (‘please’)	24.5
The Expression 麻煩 maa4 faan4 (‘please’)	24.6
The Expression 請 cing2 / ceng2 (‘please’)	24.7
The Expression 請問 cing2 man6 / ceng2 man6 (‘May I ask…’)	24.8
The Expression 貴姓 gwai3 sing3 (‘someone’s noble surname is’)	24.9
Language of Announcements	48.1