2.1 Introduction to Classifiers

🔍 Observe!

Observe the noun phrases below. The highlighted words are a type of words called classifiers.

Number
Classifier
Noun
一
jat1
個
go3
人
jan4
one person
三
saam1
本
bun2
書
syu1
three books
五
ng5
隻
zek3
狗
gau2
five dogs

Where does the classifier appear in each noun phrase?

________

Classifiers ( 量詞 loeng6 ci4), or measure words in some books, are a type of words we need to add before a noun in several situations. In this lesson, we will learn the following situations.

Situation
Example
Indicating quantity
一本書
jat1 bun2 syu1
one book
Forming a possessive construction
我本書
ngo5 bun2 syu1
my book
Forming a demonstrative construction
呢本書
ni1 bun2 syu1
this book

Types of Classifiers

We can divide classifiers into two board types: sortal classifiers and measure classifiers.

Sortal Classifiers

Sortal classifiers are assigned to a noun based on the features of the thing which the noun refers to. Some common features are the type, shape or size of the thing.

Classifier
Feature
Examples
本 bun2
Books (type)
一本書
jat1 bun2 syu1
a book
一本字典
jat1 bun2 zi6 din2
a dictionary
枝 zi1
Long, thin objects (shape)
一枝筆
jat1 zi1 bat1
a pen
一枝煙
jat1 zi1 jin1
a cigarette
粒 lap1
Small objects (size)
一粒藥
jat1 lap1 joek6
a pill
一粒糖
jat1 lap1 tong2
a piece of candy

Sometimes more than one classifier can be assigned to a specific noun. In that case, the classifiers usually have different uses. For example, we can use both 個 go3 and 位 wai2 with nouns referring to people, but their uses are different.

Classifier
Feature
Use
Examples
個 go3
People (type)
- Used as the default classifier for people
一個朋友
jat1 go3 pang4 jau5
a friend
一個同學
jat1 go3 tung4 hok6
a classmate
位 wai2
People (type)
- More formal
- Used to show respect or be polite to the people we refer to
一位朋友
jat1 wai2 pang4 jau5
a friend
一位同學
jat1 wai2 tung4 hok6
a classmate

💡 Tips

As a beginner, if you are not sure about the classifier of a noun, you can use the classifier 個 go3. It will usually sound alright.

Measure Classifiers

Measure classifiers give information about the quantity of the thing which the noun refers to. The most common measure classifier is 啲 di1.

Classifier
Quantity
Examples
啲 di1
Plural (without an exact quantity) or uncountable
一啲書
jat1 di1 syu1

some books
一啲茶
jat1 di1 caa4
some tea

Notice when we put 一 jat1 and 啲 di1 together, the meaning becomes ‘some’. We will learn more about this in later lessons.

Some measure classifiers are used with nouns which refer to something with specific features. For example, the measure classifier 班 baan1 is used with people.

Classifier
Quantity and Feature
Examples
班 baan1
A group of people
一班朋友
jat1 baan1 pang4 jau5
a group of friends
一班同學
jat1 baan1 tung4 hok6
a group of classmates

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