2.1 Introduction to Classifiers

🔍 Observe!

Observe the noun phrases below. The highlighted words are a type of words called classifiers.

Number
Classifier
Noun

jat1

go3

jan4
one person

saam1

bun2

syu1
three books

ng5

zek3

gau2
five dogs

Where does the classifier appear in each noun phrase?

________

Classifiers ( 量詞 loeng6 ci4), or measure words in some books, are a type of words we need to add before a noun in several situations. In this lesson, we will learn the following situations.

Situation
Example
Indicating quantity

jat1 bun2 syu1
one book
Forming a possessive construction

ngo5 bun2 syu1
my book
Forming a demonstrative construction

ni1 bun2 syu1
this book

Types of Classifiers

We can divide classifiers into two board types: sortal classifiers and measure classifiers.

Sortal Classifiers

Sortal classifiers are assigned to a noun based on the features of the thing which the noun refers to. Some common features are the type, shape or size of the thing.

Classifier
Feature
Examples
bun2
Books (type)

jat1 bun2 syu1
a book
字典
jat1 bun2 zi6 din2
a dictionary
zi1
Long, thin objects (shape)

jat1 zi1 bat1
a pen

jat1 zi1 jin1
a cigarette
lap1
Small objects (size)

jat1 lap1 joek6
a pill

jat1 lap1 tong2
a piece of candy

Sometimes more than one classifier can be assigned to a specific noun. In that case, the classifiers usually have different uses. For example, we can use both 個 go3 and 位 wai2 with nouns referring to people, but their uses are different.

Classifier
Feature
Use
Examples
go3
People (type)
- Used as the default classifier for people
朋友
jat1 go3 pang4 jau5
a friend
同學
jat1 go3 tung4 hok6
a classmate
wai2
People (type)
- More formal
- Used to show respect or be polite to the people we refer to
朋友
jat1 wai2 pang4 jau5
a friend
同學
jat1 wai2 tung4 hok6
a classmate

💡 Tips

As a beginner, if you are not sure about the classifier of a noun, you can use the classifier 個 go3. It will usually sound alright.

Measure Classifiers

Measure classifiers give information about the quantity of the thing which the noun refers to. The most common measure classifier is 啲 di1.

Classifier
Quantity
Examples
di1
Plural or uncountable

jat1 di1 syu1

some books

jat1 di1 caa4
some tea

Notice when we put 一 jat1 and 啲 di1 together, the meaning becomes ‘some’. We will learn more about this in later lessons.

Some measure classifiers are used with nouns which refer to something with specific features. For example, the measure classifier 班 baan1 is used with people.

Classifier
Quantity and Feature
Examples
baan1
A group of people
朋友
jat1 baan1 pang4 jau5
a group of friends
同學
jat1 baan1 tung4 hok6
a group of classmates

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